Rupture and language
Technological art as an essentially contemporary process
Keywords: technological art as a process | classic | languages
To understand the impacts that technology can have on contemporary art, it is first necessary to understand what the ‘contemporary’ appendix means for art. This understanding goes through the definition, in general terms, of classical and modern art, since the successor breaks with the previous one as a way of thinking and doing artistic. It is not the objective of this work to analyze the social and/or historical context of each movement, but to try to outline the way in which artistic making takes place. In other words, three points will be analyzed:
1) the guidelines of artistic making 2) the criterion for the value of the work; and 3) the public’s attitude towards the work.
Classical art was founded on rigid concepts of form and ‘how to do it’. The artistic making would be, from the point of view of creation, aiming at perfection or at the divine. Classical themes also represent kings, heroes, epic battles and, ultimately, the divine. There is no question, for example, of altering a classic work in order to improve it. The Magic Flute by Mozart, for example, is a perfect work and the musicians who perform it can only try to bring the performance closer to the perfection of creation. The value of classical art would thus be in a greater proximity to this metaphysical reference of genius or divinity. The public’s stance is not one of skepticism towards art, which is naturally beautiful, associated with truth, but on the artist’s ability to perform accordingly.
Before continuing the reasoning, it is necessary to open a parenthesis. It is rather absurd to reduce such a broad concept as ‘classical art’ to such a simple consideration. It is natural that the estrangement in the face of such daring resorts to memory to counter the statements with examples. While this is a difficult reduction, there is a practical advantage to it. When dealing with technology applied to art, we must bear in mind the influences of the classical form of artistic making, which is still present today.
In any case, the relationship of the classical arts with a rigidity in doing and a search for transcending is notorious. Classical ballet is composed of precise movements, repeated countless times by all aspiring dancers, always in search of geometric and impersonal perfection. Classical sculpture and painting, each with its own medium, seek an ultra realism that impresses even people accustomed to photography. In all languages, the examples of this metaphysical search are vast, hence the association of classical art with the search for a non-material ideal.
Modern art ends up breaking the limits imposed by classical art and developing new ways of doing art. Rulesonce considered perfect are now subverted and broken as a way to build a new language. Dance frees itself from pre-established movements and creates new movements from the dancer’s freedom. The painting frees itself from the ultra-realistic representation of divine themes and starts to represent common people and in shapeless images. The most vivid example of Brazilian modernist painting is the painting Os Operários, by Tarsila do Amaral, a portrait of the ethnic variety and industrialization of São Paulo. The value now is no longer in approaching an idea of perfection, but in the construction of a language and in the aesthetic representation of an everyday event.
In this context, the debate on mimesis is current. In addition to being translated as simple imitation or representation, mimesis in art is related to symbolically expressing the metaphysical, the occult, everything that escapes the standards of rationality. Although some authors treat it as an instinctive reproduction of human reality, Augusto Boal proposes that the best translation for the term is not ‘imitation’, but ‘recreation’, a term he considers more adequate than the first, which would represent a simple copy of things. Classical art would then recreate a metaphysical experience through perfect forms, while modern art would recreate an everyday experience through free forms.
Modern art breaks with the limits of classical art, but maintains distinct artistic languages. Modern dance breaks with classical dance only, the same for other languages. Contemporary art, in turn, represents a break with all the limits of what is traditionally considered art. That is why it is common to treat contemporary art through terms such as ‘the end of art’, ‘the death of art’, or even ‘non-art’. In the classical form there is no doubt about the nature and beauty of art, the doubt being directed towards the artist’s capacity for such a noble task. In the modern form, no longer having the reference of perfection, the public’s doubt turns to the quality of the art now created. In the contemporary, the doubt resides in the nature of art, in other words, whether or not a work is art.
The absence of borders and supports allowed the emergence of hybrid languages such as dance-theater and performance, but also allowed the inclusion of apparently antagonistic media. Technology by its nature is the result of skills and knowledge and has a utilitarian purpose, and therefore would be limited in the definition of techné, never mimesis. The contemporary liberation from the traditional restrictions typical of classical and modern arts created a crisis of dialogue between artists, institutions and the public, but also allowed the emergence of new unconventional languages and media. The idea of a technological art cannot be conceived if not in the context of contemporary art.
It is not intended to question the ability of mimesis, or symbolic meaning, of technology applied to art. This is seen as a natural consequence of the human capacity to give meaning to abstract entities, and can be achieved by a simple process of subversive experimentation typical of art. There is, however, a hierarchy or value problem between languages. How can such distinct languages be incorporated into a work with organic significance? This issue is addressed by Renata Ferraz in her work. The path to a possible answer lies in what she calls co-affectations. In short, in this case dealing with the theatrical language on stage, the narrative must be constructed as a cycle of affections between the elements on stage, whatever their languages. In other words, there is no hierarchy between the languages, they alternate in scenic cause and effect roles.
A final barrier to the use of technology in the arts is perhaps ignorance about how it works. In its origins, it is a technique of mathematical foundation, not always intuitive, and its operation is almost inaccessible to most traditional artists.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
BOAL, Augusto. Theater of the Oppressed and other political poetics. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Civilization, 1975.
KAITAVUORI, Kaija. The paradigm of contemporary art – a review. Paris, Editions Gallimard, coll. «Bibliothèque des Sciences Humanes», 2014, page 373.
FERRAZ, Renata. The Body, the Moving Image and the Puppet: the contemporary scene arising from [in]animate forms Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Presença, Porto Alegre, v. 6, no. 2, p. 226-241, May/Aug. 2016